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Flakiness Index and Elongation Index of Coarse Aggregates

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Flaky and elongated aggregates can adversely affect concrete. Flaky and elongated aggregates are difficult to compact. Therefore using flaky and elongated aggregates will reduce concrete workability, which required more amount of water to produce a workable mix. Increasing water content will reduce concrete strength and durability. Moreover, these aggregates are not robust, which leads to lowering concrete strength.



Figure 1










The Flakiness Index of aggregates is the percentage by weight of particles whose least dimension (thickness) is less than three- fifths (0.6times) of their mean dimension. This test does not apply to sizes smaller than 6.3mm.

The Elongation index of an aggregate is the percentage by weight of particles whose greatest dimension (length) is greater than nine-fifths (1.8times) their mean dimension. Flakiness and elongation tests are not applicable to sizes smaller than 6.3mm.


Test procedure:

  • A quantity of aggregate shall be taken sufficient to provide the minimum number of 200 pieces of any fraction to be tested. The sample shall be sieved with the sieves specified in Table 1: 
Table 1

  • Separation of Flaky material- Each fraction shall be gauged in turn for thickness on a metal gauge of the pattern shown in Figure 2, or in bulk on sieves having elongated slots. The width of the slot used in the gauge or sieve shall be of the dimensions specified in column 3 of Table 1 for the appropriate size of the material. 
  • The total amount passing the gauge shall be weighed to an accuracy of at least 0.1 percent of the weight of the test sample. 
  • The Flakiness Index is the total weight of the material passing the various thickness gauges or sieves, expressed as a percentage of the total weight of the sample gauged.
  • Separation of Elongated Material- Each fraction shall be gauged individually for length on a metal length gauge of the pattern shown in Figure 4. The gauge length used shall be that specified in column 4 of Table 1 for the appropriate size of the material. 
  • The total amount retained by the length gauge shall be weighed to an accuracy of at least 0.1 percent of the weight of the test sample. 
  • The elongation index is the total weight of the material retained on the various length gauges, expressed as a percentage of the total weight of the sample gauged.


Figure 2






Figure 3




Figure 4




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My name is Mohammad Hamdan, and I am a Civil/bridge Engineer with extensive professional background and experience in the field of construction. I have 10+ years of experience in the construction field. During my professional career, my emphasis has been placed on structural projects, mainly bridges, infrastructure and roads. Reading and practicing the design of structures is my passion.i was lucky to be a part of a big team that executed major highway interchanges. I believe in spreading the knowledge, thus, i compose these courses to share my experience and knowledge. My course focuses on the practical side of construction field. On other word, i am sharing some of what new engineers need to know about construction field. Beside working on construction field, i love writing some articles on my website ( curious civil engineer) Moreover, i wrote some engineering papers, you can check them  by searching my name on Google (Mohammad mamon Hamdan)