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Vebe test-(Video-Youtube)

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Rebound hammer test on concrete-(Video-Youtube)

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Script: Rebound hammer is a non-destructive test used to examine the hardened concrete. The principle of the rebound test is based on the rebound of a plunger. The plunger of the rebound hammer is pressed against a concrete surface. The hammer mass will be pushed back and secured to a pin. The impact spring is attached to the hammer mass, so it will be extended with the hammer mass. Then the hammer mass is released. finally, the mass will rebound against the concrete surface. The surface hardness and compressive strength will be correlated with the rebound of the spring controlled mass.    A rebound hammer can be used to evaluate the compressive strength of a concrete member, quality of concrete, and uniformity of concrete. The approximate impact energy required for the rebound of the hammer for different applications is shown in this table. The procedure of conducting the rebound test will begin by the calibration of the test instrument. The rebound hammer will be calibrated against
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Bentonite slurry-(Video-Youtube)

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Script:   Bentonite slurry is a common type of soil stabilizing liquids. Bentonite used to stabilize the soil for deep foundations such as cast-in-situ piles during the drilling stage. Also, it is commonly used for stabilizing the drilled soil for the diaphragm wall. The bentonite powder is mixed with water. Then it is poured during the drilling of a pile hole to stabilize the soil and prevent the soil from collapse. Bentonite is used where the soil is weak and it is expected to collapse during the drilling of piles or other types of excavations. The bentonite will provide sufficient time to lower the steel reinforcement and cast the concrete while the soil is stable.    The mixing of water with bentonite will produce a gel product when left to stand for sometimes. This product will return quickly to the liquid state when it is in motion. Bentonite mixture should be tested for viscosity, sand content, PH, and density. The density of bentonite can significantly affect bentonite perf
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Determinate and indeterminate structure-(Video-Youtube)

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script: Determinacy, a structure can be called determinate if the equilibrium equation provides enough and sufficient condition for equilibrium. if all forces for a structure can be determined using equilibrium equations only, this structure is determinate, but if the unknown forces are more and cant be determined using equilibrium equations then this structure is indeterminate. in general we can determine if a structure is statically determinate or indeterminate by drawing free body diagram for a structure or part of it and comparing a number of unknown forces and moment component with number of available equation of equilibrium. for coplanar structures, we have  three equilibrium equations, if n is the total number of parts, and r is the number of unknown forces and moment component then. if r = 3 times n, the structure is determinate. and if r  bigger than 3 times n, the structure is indeterminate . statically indeterminate structure cant be solved using equilibrium equations, sol
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soundness test for cement-(Video-Youtube)

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Script: Soundness test conducted in cement to verify that cement will not undergo a destructive expansion after setting. The expansion of restrained concrete members will result in severe tensile stresses that can result in cracking and spalling of casted concrete. The expansion could occur due to the reaction of free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulfate.   Free lime found in the clinker. Free lime inter-crystallized with other compounds, and it tends to expand during the hydration process. The expansion of free lime is more than calcium oxide. Magnesia reacting with water similarly as calcium oxide does. But the crystalline formed due to the reaction of magnesia is deleteriously reactive, so it is unsound. Calcium sulfate can cause destructive expansion. The reaction of calcium sulfate will produce calcium sulfoaluminate (ettringite), which can result in the harmful expansion of cement.  A soundness test will be conducted using La Chatelier's apparatus. For conducting this test, a
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Geotechnical investigation of soil-(Video-Youtube)

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Staggering of rebar overlapping (Video-Youtube)

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Bar Bending schedule (BBS)

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 The bar  bending schedule is a table that contains the details of reinforcement for a specific structural member such as footing, column, slab, and others. The bar bending schedule will contain the bars' dimensions to be used, the shape of the bars, the size of bars, bar mark, number of bars, and the weight of bars. BBS will be used to determine the weight of reinforcement required for a specific structural member.  there are various advantages of bar bending schedule such as: estimating the quantity of reinforcement for each structural member. So we can estimate the amount of reinforcement required for a construction project.  BBS will help in reducing the losses of steel by procuring the precise quantity of different rebar diameter.  BBS will reduce the wastage of reinforcement by providing the engineers with the exact dimension and shape of rebars. Knowing the exact dimension and shape will reduce the time of cutting and bending rebars.  BBS will reduce the effort at the time o
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Binding wire for steel reinforcement

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  Binding wires are used to tie steel bars together. These wires are playing a significant role in maintaining the reinforcement stability and rigidity. Wires are used to tie the steel bars at intersections points. By tying the steel bars together, we ensure that the steel bars will not move from their locations during construction or during the time of concreting. In slabs, binding wires are used to tie longitudinal and transverse bars together. In columns, it is used to tie vertical bars with stirrups.   Figure 1 There are various types of binding wires such as  Black annealed baling wire, Stainless Steel Binding Wire, and PVC coated binding wires.  Black annealed baling wire used to tie black steel. The popular size for black wire ranges from 16 to 22 gauges. Stainless steel binding wires are used to bind stainless steel reinforcement. Stainless steel reinforcement is used in a harsh environment where the black steel gets rusted quickly. Therefore, stainless steel reinforcement is u
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stress-strain diagram for aluminium alloy and rubber

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figure no:1 showing the stress-strain diagram for aluminum alloy. we can notice from the stress-stress diagram that aluminum has a considerable ductility. despite the absence of explicit yield point as in structural steel . the initial portion of the stress-strain curve is linear with a recognizable proportional limit. the proportional limit for aluminum alloy ranges from 70 to 410 Mpa (10 to 60 Ksi). aluminum alloy undergoes large strain before failure. ultimate stress ranges from 140 to 550 Mpa (20 to 80 Ksi). construction management: concrete construction bridge construction:How to become a bridge engineer Figure-1 Yield stress for aluminum alloy can be determined by drawing offset line parrel to the linear portion of the stress-strain curve. the straight line offset by a standard strain such as 0.002. the intersection point with the stress-strain curve is the point of yield stress. figure no:2 illustrates the concept of offset method. yield stress acquire
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Repairing of concrete bulging

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Improper designing and installation of formwork for a concrete member can result in concrete Bulging. During the placing and compacting of concrete, forms may deflect largely in the weak areas. The deflection of forms will cause concrete to expand at this location, and this known as concrete Bulging. Concrete Bulging will spoil the appearance of a concrete member. Therefore we should always ensure that the forms are appropriately installed, and it is sufficiently supported to resist the concrete during placing and compacting. Bulging should be repaired in case we couldn't avoid it. The solution of concrete Bulging, offset, or surface irregularities are surface grinding. However, excessive surface grinding can weaken the concrete.  Figure 1 If the bulging or surface irregularities are small, grinding of concrete surface will be sufficient to remove surface irregularities. If the Bulging of concrete is significant, then the concrete should be chipped, and the surface
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Pile cap

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Pile cap used to transfer the loads from superstructure to the piling. The pile cap is thick concrete mat rests on piles. It is part of the foundation and used to distribute the loads over the piles. Piles used when the soil bearing is not enough to carry loads of the structure. Figure 1  construction management: concrete construction bridge construction:How to become a bridge engineer Pile cap construction procedure Excavation around piles: After 7 days of the casting of the pile the concrete will gain approximately, 70% of it is compressive strength. The soil around piles will be removed to the required levels and dimension that allows construction of the pile cap. A step shall be made if the excavation is more than 1.5 m to prevent soil collapse. Figure 2 Pile head cutting: Concrete will be removed up to cut off level. If concrete under the cut off level is unsound. It shall be removed, and the pile will be repaired. Pi
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Bridge Diaphragm

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The main function of diaphragms is to provide a stiffening effect to deck slab in case bridge webs are not situated directly on top of bearings. Therefore, diaphragms may not be necessary in case bridge bearings are placed directly under the webs because loads in bridge decks can be directly transferred to the bearings.On the other hand, diaphragms also help to improve the load-sharing characteristics of bridges. Diaphragms also contribute to the provision of torsional restraint to the bridge deck. Diaphragm will be used also to resist stresses that occurs during the post-tensioning process. Post-tensioning hardware are casted inside the diaphragm. Figure 1 construction management: concrete construction bridge construction:How to become a bridge engineer Types of diaphragm: Diaphragm at the span end: this type of diaphragms will be located between two bridge spans or at the bridge abutments. Expansion joints will be used to connect bridge spans. This
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Flakiness Index and Elongation Index of Coarse Aggregates

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Flaky and elongated aggregates can adversely affect concrete. Flaky and elongated aggregates are difficult to compact. Therefore using flaky and elongated aggregates will reduce concrete workability, which required more amount of water to produce a workable mix. Increasing water content will reduce concrete strength and durability. Moreover, these aggregates are not robust, which leads to lowering concrete strength. Figure 1 construction management: concrete construction bridge construction:How to become a bridge engineer The Flakiness Index of aggregates is the percentage by weight of particles whose least dimension (thickness) is less than three- fifths (0.6times) of their mean dimension. This test does not apply to sizes smaller than 6.3mm. The Elongation index of an aggregate is the percentage by weight of particles whose greatest dimension (length) is greater than nine-fifths (1.8times) their mean dimension. Flakiness and elongation tests ar
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Nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate

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Concrete is a widely used material. Reinforced concrete structures can be found everywhere. The main reason behind the popularity of reinforced concrete structure is the high strength and the long life span of these structures. Concrete and steel are combined to produce reinforced concrete. Concrete is good at compression while steel good at tension. Concrete and steel form a perfect combination to resist loads imposed on the structure. Concrete is a composite material composed of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and water. Admixtures can be used to enhance concrete properties. A concrete mix consists of almost 65% aggregates. Aggregates are classified into fine and coarse aggregates. Since the aggregates form the majority of a concrete mix. The quality of aggregates can greatly affect the strength and durability of concrete. Aggregates can be natural or crushed aggregates. Used aggregates should be strong, hard, and should not contain a large amount of organic matter or harmf
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Tunnel lining systems-Ribbed system

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Ribbed supporting system has been used for many years to support tunnels. The ribbed supporting system is based on steel ribs supporting tunnels. The implementation of this system involves the installation of rolled steel sections around the circumference at specified spaces. The formation of gaps between the steel ribs and the ground is very common. These gaps should be suitably wedged to avoid excessive deformation of the ground. It is essential to ensure that the loads are distributed evenly by the steel support around the tunnel profile. Subjecting of steel support to point load will significantly reduce their ultimate capacity.  Figure 1 The steel ribs can be combined with shotcrete concrete. The shotcrete concrete will be applied before the erecting of ribs. The applying of a layer of shotcrete concrete will reduce the problems of gaps between ribs and surrounding ground, which minimize the wedging problems. Then another layer of shotcrete can be applied after th
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Prestressing stands debonding

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  Prestressing bridge concrete beams contributes to resisting the tensile stresses caused by the traffic loads and the beam's weight. Stressing concrete has various benefits, such as increasing concrete members' capacity, reducing the concrete member section, and increasing the span lengths for structures such as bridges and buildings. However,  The stressing of bridge beam ends can result in unwanted cracks. Therefore AASHTO calling for debonding a specific portion of strands at the beam end to minimize the stresses and reduce cracks. Figure 1 Debonding is achieved by wrapping the strands at the end of the beam with plastic. Wrapping the strand with plastic wrapping will prevent the strands from bonding with concrete, thus avoid transferring unwanted stress to the beam end. As a result, the unwanted cracks will be prevented by reducing the stress levels at the end of the beam.  
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Mohammad
My name is Mohammad Hamdan, and I am a Civil/bridge Engineer with extensive professional background and experience in the field of construction. I have 10+ years of experience in the construction field. During my professional career, my emphasis has been placed on structural projects, mainly bridges, infrastructure and roads. Reading and practicing the design of structures is my passion.i was lucky to be a part of a big team that executed major highway interchanges. I believe in spreading the knowledge, thus, i compose these courses to share my experience and knowledge. My course focuses on the practical side of construction field. On other word, i am sharing some of what new engineers need to know about construction field. Beside working on construction field, i love writing some articles on my website ( curious civil engineer) Moreover, i wrote some engineering papers, you can check them  by searching my name on Google (Mohammad mamon Hamdan)