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cracking of concrete

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Concrete crack is very common, and it can occur due to various reasons. The depth and the width of the crack will determine the severity of cracks on concrete members. Shortly after placing and compacting the concrete, the concrete will undergoes a shrinkage. Shrinkage can be defined as a reduction of size due to losing concrete moisture. The shrinkage will result in multidirectional drying shrinkage of concrete. The freshly placed concrete strength is lesser than the stress generated due to drying shrinkage, which results in concrete cracking. The shrinkage cracks are shallow, and it is seldom to extend down. Plastic shrinkage cracking occurs when the rate of evaporation of concrete moisture is high. The evaporation of concrete moisture will cause concrete shrinkage, while the concrete is plastic. The cracks generated by plastic shrinkage are deeper than drying shrinkage cracks, and the cracks form a parallel pattern, unlike drying shrinkage, which exhibits a circular pattern. 
Figure 1

 The changing of ambient temperature can be a source of concrete cracking. This type of cracks known as thermal cracking. The change of ambient temperature will cause the change of concrete member size, if expansion joints are not provided to accommodate the change of concrete member size, the member will crack and provide joints where needed. In bridges and buildings, special expansion joints are provided to accommodate the change of structure members because the size of these structures is big.
Figure 2

 Differential settlement of structure can create tensile stress. Concrete has low tensile stress, and it ranges between 8-12% of compressive strength. Therefore, differential settlement can result in tensile stresses more than the resistance of, concrete which will cause concrete to crack.

 Concrete cracking can occur due to other reasons such as the severe corrosion of steel rebar, alkali-aggregate reaction, freeze-thaw cycles, overloading, and many other reasons. Repairing of concrete cracks should start by determining if the crack is dead or live. cracks that open and close or widen progressively known as a live crack. Repairing of these cracks can be futile, the material used to repair these types of cracks will crack again, or the crack will form somewhere else. Therefore before starting with the repairing process, the size of cracks should be monitored by gauges to determine the type of crack. Dead crack can be repaired by epoxy resin injection. Epoxy resin can be used to structurally rebond the cracked concrete. If the purpose of repairing cracks is to seal the cracks and prevent water leakage, then polyurethane resin is more effective than epoxy resins. 
Figure 3 (crack gauge)

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