Video from my YouTube channel

Subscribe to My You tube channel

Example 11: flexural stress for doubly reinforced beam using transform area method(SI units)

By -
determine the flexural stresses for the beam shown in figure 1 using the transformed-area method.
Figure 1









Transform area for bottom steel reinforcment=n*As=8*2600=20,800mm2

Transform area for top steel reinforcement=(2*n-1)*As=(2*8-1)*1,018=15,270mm2 
(2*n-1) we subtract 1 to account for holes of reinforcement bar in concrete 

To calculate the neutral axis location we need to equal moments around the neutral axis as shown in figure 2
400*(X)*(X/2)+15,270*(X-70)=20,800*(630-X)
200*X^2+15,270X-1,068,900=13,104,000-20,800X
200X^2+36,070X-14172900=0
X=190.90mm



now we can calculate the moment of inertia using the parallel axis theorem

I=Ic+A*(d^2)



I=(400*(190.9^3))/12+400*190.9*(95.45^2)+15,270*(120.9^2)+20,800*(439.1^2)
I=5161212927mm2
bending stress at extreme compression fiber, y=190.90mm
fc'=(M*y/I)
fc'=(275000000*190.9/5161212927)
fc'=10.20Mpa

bending stress at the center of the bottom reinforcing layer of steel, y=439.1mm

fs=(n*M*y/I)
fs=(8*275000000*439.1/5161212927)
fs=187.70Mpa

bending stress at the center of the top reinforcing layer of steel, y=120.90mm

fs'=(2*n*M*y/I)
fs'=(2*8*275000000*120.90/5161212927)
fs'=103.1Mpa

2*n used for the top reinforcing bar because it will resist shrinkage, creep and deflection of reinforcing beam, therefore with time stress of reinforcing steel bar will increase







Figure 2


Comments

Post a Comment

Videos from My Youtube channel

Popular posts from this blog

Binding wire for steel reinforcement

By -
Image
  Binding wires are used to tie steel bars together. These wires are playing a significant role in maintaining the reinforcement stability and rigidity. Wires are used to tie the steel bars at intersections points. By tying the steel bars together, we ensure that the steel bars will not move from their locations during construction or during the time of concreting. In slabs, binding wires are used to tie longitudinal and transverse bars together. In columns, it is used to tie vertical bars with stirrups.   Figure 1 There are various types of binding wires such as  Black annealed baling wire, Stainless Steel Binding Wire, and PVC coated binding wires.  Black annealed baling wire used to tie black steel. The popular size for black wire ranges from 16 to 22 gauges. Stainless steel binding wires are used to bind stainless steel reinforcement. Stainless steel reinforcement is used in a harsh environment where the black steel gets rusted quickly. Therefore, stainless ...
Read more

stress-strain diagram for aluminium alloy and rubber

By -
Image
figure no:1 showing the stress-strain diagram for aluminum alloy. we can notice from the stress-stress diagram that aluminum has a considerable ductility. despite the absence of explicit yield point as in structural steel . the initial portion of the stress-strain curve is linear with a recognizable proportional limit. the proportional limit for aluminum alloy ranges from 70 to 410 Mpa (10 to 60 Ksi). aluminum alloy undergoes large strain before failure. ultimate stress ranges from 140 to 550 Mpa (20 to 80 Ksi). construction management: concrete construction bridge construction:How to become a bridge engineer Figure-1 Yield stress for aluminum alloy can be determined by drawing offset line parrel to the linear portion of the stress-strain curve. the straight line offset by a standard strain such as 0.002. the intersection point with the stress-strain curve is the point of yield stress. figure no:2 illustrates the concept of offset method. yield stress acquire...
Read more

Concrete repair-selecting the repair method

By -
Image
Repairing concrete structure passes through various stages. Selecting the correct repair method will depend on completing the previous steps, such as determining the cause of concrete damage, evaluate the extent of the damage, and assess the need for repair. The completion of these steps will define the type of conditions the repair must resist, the available repair construction time period, and when repairs must be accomplished. The data collected from performing these steps will help in selecting which of the 15 standard methods is suitable and durable for repairing the damaged concrete structure. Figure 1 In general, the old concrete surface should be prepared before beginning with the repairing process. It is essential to remove all unsound concrete before applying the repairing. Improper preparing of damaged concrete structure will result in unsatisfactory repair with low durability. The first step in preparing the old concrete surface is the saw cutting of repairin...
Read more

Rebar Splicing and Overlapping — ACI 318-19 Requirements Explained

By -
Image
Reinforcement splicing or overlapping is a fundamental requirement in reinforced concrete structures. Because reinforcement bars (rebars) are manufactured in limited standard lengths—typically 12 m —it becomes necessary to splice or overlap them to achieve the required continuity in structural members. The main purpose of a splice is to ensure smooth stress transfer between adjacent bars through the surrounding concrete. The overlap length, commonly known as the splice length , must be long enough to safely transfer the tensile stresses from steel to concrete without causing bond failure. It is recommended to avoid splicing in high-stress zones such as areas of maximum moment, and to stagger the splices to prevent congestion and reduce stress concentration. The ACI 318-19 providing the following recommendatin and requirement for the lap splicing: 1. Splice Limitation by Bar Size Lap splicing is not permitted for reinforcement bars larger than 36 mm in diameter. 2. Non-Contact L...
Read more

Pile cap

By -
Image
Pile cap used to transfer the loads from superstructure to the piling. The pile cap is thick concrete mat rests on piles. It is part of the foundation and used to distribute the loads over the piles. Piles used when the soil bearing is not enough to carry loads of the structure. Figure 1  construction management: concrete construction bridge construction:How to become a bridge engineer Pile cap construction procedure Excavation around piles: After 7 days of the casting of the pile the concrete will gain approximately, 70% of it is compressive strength. The soil around piles will be removed to the required levels and dimension that allows construction of the pile cap. A step shall be made if the excavation is more than 1.5 m to prevent soil collapse. Figure 2 Pile head cutting: Concrete will be removed up to cut off level. If concrete under the cut off level is unsound. It shall be removed, and the pile will be repaired...
Read more

The reasons behind the trimming of pile head

By -
Image
In general, the bored piles are casted to a level higher than the required pile cut-off level. Pile cut-off level is usually similar or a little bit higher than the blinding level of a pile cap. the process of constructing a cast-in-situ pile involves the following steps: installation of the temporary casing to prevent the soil collapse during the drilling process and to guide the drilling rig. Drilling the pile to the required level and diameter. Installation of a reinforcement cage. Reinforcement cage vertical bars will be extended above the pile cut-off level to improve the bonding with the pile cap. The casting of concrete usually done with a tremie pipe. Tremie pipe will be lowered to the bottom of the pile, and then the concrete will be poured. Once the casting is completed, the temporary casing will be removed. It is a common practice to cast the concrete above the cut-off level. the concrete casted then removed for the following reasons: during the casting pro...
Read more

Repairing of concrete bulging

By -
Image
Improper designing and installation of formwork for a concrete member can result in concrete Bulging. During the placing and compacting of concrete, forms may deflect largely in the weak areas. The deflection of forms will cause concrete to expand at this location, and this known as concrete Bulging. Concrete Bulging will spoil the appearance of a concrete member. Therefore we should always ensure that the forms are appropriately installed, and it is sufficiently supported to resist the concrete during placing and compacting. Bulging should be repaired in case we couldn't avoid it. The solution of concrete Bulging, offset, or surface irregularities are surface grinding. However, excessive surface grinding can weaken the concrete.  Figure 1 If the bulging or surface irregularities are small, grinding of concrete surface will be sufficient to remove surface irregularities. If the Bulging of concrete is significant, then the concrete should be chipped, and the surface...
Read more

Non-Working Pile Testing and Static Compression Load Test

By -
Image
Purpose of Non-Working Piles Non-working piles are constructed at the beginning of the project to evaluate soil bearing capacity and determine the maximum settlement. These piles are loaded up to twice the working load. Based on the test results, the pile length may be adjusted. If the measured settlement exceeds the allowable limit, the pile length will be increased accordingly. construction management: concrete construction bridge construction:How to become a bridge engineer Static Compression Load Test The static compression load test provides insight into how the pile responds to loading. Settlement is measured at different load increments to determine the appropriate pile design length. The maximum applied load is typically twice the working load (2 × working load) or as specified by local standards. The following steps outline the testing procedure: A. Steel Cage Preparation The steel reinforcement cage is prepared in accordance with the approved shop drawings. ...
Read more

Nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate

By -
Image
Concrete is a widely used material. Reinforced concrete structures can be found everywhere. The main reason behind the popularity of reinforced concrete structure is the high strength and the long life span of these structures. Concrete and steel are combined to produce reinforced concrete. Concrete is good at compression while steel good at tension. Concrete and steel form a perfect combination to resist loads imposed on the structure. Concrete is a composite material composed of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and water. Admixtures can be used to enhance concrete properties. A concrete mix consists of almost 65% aggregates. Aggregates are classified into fine and coarse aggregates. Since the aggregates form the majority of a concrete mix. The quality of aggregates can greatly affect the strength and durability of concrete. Aggregates can be natural or crushed aggregates. Used aggregates should be strong, hard, and should not contain a large amount of organic matter or harmf...
Read more

Fire resistive construction-firewalls

By -
Image
The fire-resistive construction method will involve the designing and construction of fire resisting elements such as firewalls, fire barriers, fire partitions, smoke barriers, and smoke partition. The purpose of these components is to restrict the spread of fires between building units. Firewalls should be continuous from the foundation to the building roof, and it should have sufficient stability to resist the collapsing if the construction on either side collapse. Firewalls used to separate a structure into multiple units, which reduce the severity and consequences of fires by limiting the fire in one area and prevent the spreading of the fires to other structures area. Fire barriers and partitions are interior walls used to sub-divide the portion of a building that concealed by firewalls into smaller areas. Fire barriers and walls will be supported by the adjacent structure. They will prevent the heat flows within the area concealed by firewalls, which gives the residents suf...
Read more